Environment MCQs 9

1. The Nagoya Protocol, adopted in 2010, is a supplementary agreement to which international convention?

a) Paris Agreement b) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) c) Kyoto Protocol d) United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)

b) The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from Their Utilization was adopted in 2010 as a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). It provides a legal framework for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.

2. In which year did the International Maritime Organization (IMO) adopt the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)?

a) 1968 b) 1973 c) 1985 d) 1992

b) The International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was adopted in 1973 and later modified by the Protocol of 1978. It is one of the most important international conventions for minimizing pollution of the seas from ships.

3. The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was established in response to which environmental challenge?

a) Climate change b) Air pollution c) Land degradation d) Deforestation

c) The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) was established in 1994 to address the problem of land degradation in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, particularly in Africa. It focuses on promoting sustainable land management practices to prevent desertification.

4. The Rotterdam Convention, effective from 2004, primarily deals with what?

a) Renewable energy b) Hazardous chemicals and pesticides c) Overfishing d) Wildlife trade

b) The Rotterdam Convention, which entered into force in 2004, promotes shared responsibilities in relation to the importation of hazardous chemicals. It facilitates information exchange and provides for a national decision-making process on their import and export.

5. The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) was established in 1992 to address what specific need?

a) Emission trading b) Forest conservation c) Systematic observation of the climate system d) Freshwater resource management

c) The Global Climate Observing System (GCOS), established in 1992, aims to ensure comprehensive observations of the climate system to provide the data needed for climate research and decision-making related to climate change and variability.

6. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), launched in 2015, includes how many goals aimed at ending poverty, protecting the planet, and ensuring prosperity for all?

a) 15 b) 16 c) 17 d) 18

c) The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were launched in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They include 17 goals aimed at addressing global challenges such as poverty, inequality, climate change, environmental degradation, peace, and justice.

7. Which international agreement, signed in 1997 and effective from 2005, set legally binding obligations on industrialized countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions?

a) Paris Agreement b) Kyoto Protocol c) Montreal Protocol d) Stockholm Convention

b) The Kyoto Protocol was signed in 1997 and came into force in 2005. It was the first international agreement to set legally binding obligations on developed countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions, based on the principles of the UNFCCC.

8. The Planetary Boundaries Framework, introduced in 2009, defines nine thresholds within which humanity can safely operate. Which of the following is NOT one of these planetary boundaries?

a) Climate change b) Land-use change c) Financial markets d) Freshwater use

c) The Planetary Boundaries Framework was introduced in 2009 by a group of scientists led by Johan Rockström. It defines nine planetary boundaries, such as climate change, land-use change, freshwater use, and others, that should not be crossed to avoid catastrophic environmental change. Financial markets are not included in this framework.

9. The Kigali Amendment, adopted in 2016, aims to phase down the production and consumption of which category of substances?

a) Ozone-depleting substances (ODS) b) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) c) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) d) Single-use plastics

c) The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, adopted in 2016, specifically targets the phasedown of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), which are potent greenhouse gases but not ozone-depleting substances. This amendment is significant because it addresses climate change by reducing HFCs' emissions, which have a high global warming potential.

10. The Stockholm Convention, adopted in 2001, focuses on the global restriction or elimination of which type of pollutants?

a) Greenhouse gases b) Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) c) Heavy metals d) Radioactive materials

b) The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), adopted in 2001 and entered into force in 2004, aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants. POPs are chemicals that remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms, and have harmful impacts on human health and the environment.

If any answer found wrong, Please comment.

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